Nepenthesin-1 derived resistance to fungal pathogens in major crop plants

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a genetically modified cereal plant having a recombinant DNA construct comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having aspartyl protease activity (EC 3.4.23.12) whose expression, particularly in grain, confers enhanced fungal disease resistance as compared to a parent cereal plant from which said genetically modified cereal plant was derived. The invention further relates to a method for producing a genetically modified cereal plant of the invention comprising transforming one or more cells of a parent cereal plant with the recombinant DNA construct; as well as a method for manufacturing the genetically modified grain for production of a crop of genetically modified cereal plants which exhibit increased resistance to a fungal disease due to expression of the recombinant DNA construct. Furthermore, use of grain produced by a genetically modified cereal plant of the invention includes the manufacture of a composition, comprising a milled grain composition, an animal fodder, or steam-pelleted animal fodder.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

Incorporated by reference in its entirety herein is a computer-readable nucleotide/amino acid sequence listing submitted concurrently herewith and identified as follows: One 144,452 Byte ASCII (Text) file named “2020-06-11_38324-251_SQL_ST25.txt,” created on Jun. 11, 2020.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a genetically modified crop plant having a recombinant DNA construct comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having aspartyl protease activity (EC 3.4.23.12) whose enhanced expression, particularly in grain or seed, confers enhanced fungal disease resistance as compared to a parent crop plant from which said genetically modified crop plant was derived. The invention further provides a method for producing a genetically modified crop plant of the invention comprising transforming one or more cells of a parent plant with a recombinant DNA construct. Further provided is a method for manufacturing the genetically modified grain or seed for production of a crop of genetically modified plants which exhibit increased resistance to a fungal disease due to expression of the recombinant DNA construct. Furthermore, use of grain or seed produced by a genetically modified crop plant of the invention includes it use in the manufacture of a composition, comprising a milled grain composition, an animal fodder, or steam-pelleted animal fodder.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fungal pathogens cause considerable yield and quality losses of economically important crops. Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab is one of the major fungal diseases of the Triticeae family in temperate, and warm humid regions of the world. The disease is linked to several Fusarium species, where F. graminearum and F. culmorum are economically the most relevant. FHB infection causes a significant reduction in crop yield and quality due to shrivelled grains and their contamination with mycotoxins. In the 1990s, FHB epidemics caused an estimated economic loss of 2.7 billion USD in the US alone. Fusarium species, causing FHB, produce toxins that belong to the trichothecenes such as Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their derivatives including 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-ADON and 4-acetylnivalenol. They also produce mycotoxins such as zearalenone (ZEA), moniliformin, fumonisins and butenolide. Most of these mycotoxins are associated with fungal virulence and cause toxicosis in humans and animals.

FHB management based on the use of resistant cultivars with good agronomic traits would potentially provide a simple and effective control strategy. However, to date, few wheat and barley accessions, or other major crop plants with moderate resistance to FHB have been reported. Resistance to FHB is a quantitative trait, governed by the combined effects of several quantitative trait loci (QTL), epistasis and the environment. A major QTL (Fhb1) on chromosome 3BS and other minor QTL derived from the Chinese cultivar Sumai are the main sources of genetic resistance to FHB in wheat. In contrast, sources of FHB resistance in barley are limited and only provide a modest level of resistance. Due to the polygenic nature of FHB resistance, development of resistant cultivars with suitable agronomic traits is still a challenge. The discovery of antifungal or antitoxin genes provides a potential strategy for the development of FHB resistant cultivars; which may additionally confer resistance to other fungal diseases. Accordingly, the present invention addresses the problem of providing antifungal genes of plant origin that are capable of conferring resistance to FHB caused by Fusarium; and other fungal diseases (e.g. Aspergillus) when expressed in cereal cultivars, as well as in other crop plants such as legumes and cotton.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first embodiment, the invention provides a genetically modified crop plant having a recombinant DNA construct stably-integrated into the genome of the crop plant; said construct comprising a gene operably linked to a promoter of heterologous or homologous origin, wherein

-   -   said promoter directs expression of said operably linked gene at         least in grain or seed of said plant, and     -   said gene comprises a coding sequence encoding a signal peptide         N-terminally fused to a polypeptide having aspartic endoprotease         activity (EC 3.4.23.12), and wherein the amino acid sequence of         said polypeptide has at least 88% identity to a sequence         selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID No.: 4; amino acid         residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 6; amino acid residues 30-451 of         SEQ ID No: 8; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 10; amino         acid residues 28-446 of SEQ ID No: 12, amino acid residues         27-453 of SEQ ID No.: 45; amino acid residues 32-453 of SEQ ID         No.: 47 and amino acid residues 29-460 of SEQ ID No.: 49, and

wherein said crop plant is selected from the group consisting of a cereal, legume and cotton plant, and

wherein expression of said gene confers enhanced resistance to a fungal disease caused by a species of Fusarium and/or Aspergillus as compared to a parent crop plant from which said genetically modified crop plant was derived.

The invention further provides genetically modified grain or seed produced by genetically modified cereal plant of the invention.

In a second embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing a genetically modified crop plant of the invention comprising:

a) transforming one or more cells of a parent crop plant selected from among a cereal, legume or cotton plant with a recombinant DNA construct comprising a gene operably linked to a promoter of heterologous or homologous origin, wherein:

-   -   said promoter directs expression of said operably linked gene in         at least grain or seed of said plant, and,     -   said gene comprises a coding sequence encoding a signal peptide         N-terminally fused to a polypeptide having aspartyl protease         activity (EC 3.4.23.12), and wherein the amino acid sequence of         said polypeptide has at least 89% identity to a sequence         selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID No.: 4; amino acid         residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 6; amino acid residues 30-451 of         SEQ ID No: 8; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 10; amino         acid residues 28-446 of SEQ ID No: 12, amino acid residues         27-453 of SEQ ID No.:45 ; amino acid residues 32-453 of SEQ ID         No.:47 and amino acid residues 29-460 of SEQ ID No.:49, and

b) selecting transformed crop plant cells, wherein the genome of said cells comprises a copy of said recombinant DNA construct; and

c) regenerating a genetically modified crop plant from cells obtained in step (b).

In a third embodiment, the invention provides a method for manufacturing genetically modified grain or seed according to the invention for production of a crop of genetically modified plants which exhibit increased resistance to a fungal disease caused by a species of Fusarium and/or Aspergillus, said method comprising:

a) screening a population of genetically modified crop plants, according to the present invention, for said recombinant DNA construct, and

b) collecting seed from selected plants from step (a).

In a fourth embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing a crop plant exhibiting increased resistance to a fungal disease caused by a species of Fusarium and/or Aspergillus, said method comprising:

a) obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from a genetically modified crop plant according to the invention, or portion thereof;

b) detecting in said sample the presence of said recombinant DNA construct;

c) breeding a crop plant comprising said recombinant DNA construct with a second crop plant of the same genus to obtain grains or seeds; and

d) growing at least one crop plant from said grains or seeds,

wherein said crop plant grown from said grains or seeds comprises said recombinant DNA construct; and wherein said recombinant DNA construct comprises a gene operably linked to a promoter of heterologous or homologous origin, wherein

-   -   said promoter directs expression of said operably linked gene at         least in grain of said plant, and     -   said gene comprises a coding sequence encoding a signal peptide         N-terminally fused to a polypeptide having aspartyl protease         activity (EC 3.4.23.12), and wherein the amino acid sequence of         said polypeptide has at least 85% identity to a sequence         selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID No.: 4; amino acid         residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 6; amino acid residues 30-451 of         SEQ ID No: 8; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 10; amino         acid residues 28-446 of SEQ ID No: 12; amino acid residues         27-453 of SEQ ID No.: 45; amino acid residues 32-453 of SEQ ID         No.: 47 and amino acid residues 29-460 of SEQ ID No.: 49.

In a fifth embodiment, the invention provides for a use of genetically modified grain or seed produced by a genetically modified crop plant of the invention (for example cereal or legume), for the manufacture of a composition, wherein said composition is any one of:

a. a milled grain or seed composition,

b. animal fodder, and

c. steam-pelleted animal fodder.

In a sixth embodiment, the invention for use of a genetically modified species of Gossypium (for example Gossypium hirsutum) for the manufacture of cotton.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Figures

FIG. 1. Cartoon showing (a) the primary sequence annotation and (b) the predicted 3D structure of HvNEP-1 protein, identifying the signal peptide (SP) residues 1 to 29, prodomain (PD), nepenthesin specific insert sequence comprising amino acid residues 151 to 172 (NAP-I), and D116 and D322, the two catalytic aspartic residues within the catalytic pocket (DAS and DPG) and tyrosine flap (Y186) that holds the substrate within the pocket.

FIG. 2. Multiple sequence alignment of the HvNEP-1 protein and related plant aspartic endoprotease proteins. The sequences in FIG. 2A are: Hordeum vulgare nepenthesin 1 (HvNEP-1) (M0W9B2: SEQ ID No.: 2); Aegilops tauschii (XP-020183092.1); Triticum aestivum (W5EU17); Triticum urartu (T1NBT2); Hordeum vulgare phytepsin (P42210: SEQ ID No.: 36); Nepenthes mirabilis Nep1 (UNIPROT: K4MIM1: SEQ ID No.:37) and Hordeum vulgare UNIPROT: CND41 (BAK02683: SEQ ID No.:38). The sequences in FIG. 2B are: Hordeum vulgare nepenthesin 1 (HvNEP-1) (M0W9B2); Aegilops tauschii (XP-020183092.1); Triticum aestivum (W5EU17); Triticum aestivum (AOA1D6RYR6); and Triticum urartu (T1NBT2). Residues are shaded light gray or dark gray depending on the level of conservation among the sequences

FIG. 3 Graphical presentation of HvNEP-1 inhibitory activity, shown as percent inhibition of phytase activity, over (i) a pH range and (ii) a temperature range. The assay comprised 5 μg of HvNEP-1, 2.5 U/ml of A. ficuum phytase and 2 mM of sodium phytate substrate, which was incubated for 1 h using the following buffers: pH 2.0 to 2.5, 100 mM formate; pH 3.0 to 5.5, 100 mM acetate; pH 6.0 to 7.0, 100 mM sodium phosphate; pH 8.0, 100 mM Tris-HCl at 37° C. The assay in (ii) was performed using 100 mM acetate buffer pH 5.0, incubated for lh. The activity of HvNEP-1 was calculated as percent phytase inhibition, compared to the corresponding sample without HvNEP-1, as controls. Values are mean of 3 independent technical replicates, and error bars represent means±sd of replicates.

FIG. 4 Graphical presentation (histogram) of the residual inhibitory activity of HvNEP-1 following incubation for 1 h at 37° C. in the presence of the protease inhibitors: E-64 (50 μM), pepstatin A (100 μM), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, 1 mM), EDTA (5 mM) and DMSO (3%). Residual inhibitory activity was measured as described in FIG. 3, and percent residual activity was calculated relative to the corresponding sample without protease inhibitor, as control. Values are mean of 3 independent technical replicates, and error bars represent means±sd of replicates.

FIG. 5 Graphical presentation of residual phytase activity of A. ficuum (A) and TaPAPhy (B) phytases after treatment with the proteases HvNEP-1 or pepsin at different concentration ratios of phytase to protease (w:w). Values are mean of 3 independent technical replicates, and error bars represent means+±sd of replicates.

FIG. 6 Graphical presentation of residual phytase activity detected in crude phytase extracts (100 μg) from F. graminearum 7775 and F. culmorum 8984 measured in the presence of with increasing concentration ratios of HvNEP-1 protease (w:w), using sodium phytate as substrate. Values are mean of 3 independent technical replicates, and error bars represent means+±sd of replicates.

FIG. 7 Graphical presentation of biomass of F. graminearum strain JCM 9873 during growth over an 8 day period in the presence or absence of HvNEP-1 protease; values are mean of 3 independent technical replicates, and error bars represent means±sd of replicates.

FIG. 8 Graphical presentation of 15-ADON production by F. graminearum JCM9873 strain during growth over an 8 day period in the presence or absence of HvNEP-1 protease. In the presence of HvNEP1, 15-ADON production by F. graminearum was not detectable. Values are mean of 3 independent technical replicates, and error bars represent means±sd of replicates.

FIG. 9 Graphical presentation of the relative expression levels of TRI genes in F. graminearum JCM9873 strain following culture with and without and then detected by qPCR analysis. Gene expression of TRI4, TRI5, TRI6 and TRI12 were normalized using GADPH gene expression levels. The asterisks on the bars represent: significant (*), highly significant (**) and very highly significant (***) differences in TRI gene expression with and without HvNEP-1 protease.

FIG. 10 Graphical presentation of the relative HvNEP-1 protease expression levels, in selected HvNEP-1 transgenic barley lines determined by RT-PCR analysis. The selected lines are transformed with a gene construct comprising a D-hordein promoter operably linked to a gene encoding a D-hordein signal peptide fused to ΔHvNEP-1 having an C-terminal KDEL sequence, operably linked to a NOS terminator. Values are mean of three independent technical replicates, and error bars represent means±sd.

FIG. 11 Graphical presentation of the percent infection of selected HvNEP-1 transgenic barley lines scored 3 weeks after inoculation with either spores of F. graminearum (FG) or F. culmorum (FC) spores, or inoculated with water control (MQ). Values are mean of three independent technical replicates, and error bars represent means±sd.

FIG. 12 Graphical presentation of the AUDPC (area under disease progress curve) analysis of selected HvNEP-1 transgenic barley lines scored 3 weeks after inoculation with either spores of selected HvNEP-1 transgenic barley lines scored 3 weeks after inoculation with either spores of F. graminearum (FG) or F. culmorum (FC) spores, or inoculated with water control (MQ). (FG) or F. culmorum (FC) spores, or inoculated with water control (MQ). The minimum and maximum AUDPC per treatment are indicated with error bars.

FIG. 13 tabulates the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZON) mycotoxins detected in selected HvNEP-1 transgenic barley lines scored 3 weeks after inoculation with either spores of F. graminearum (FG) or F. culmorum (FC) spores, or inoculated with water control (MQ). FC+ and FG+ denotes grains showing FHB symptoms, whereas FC− and FG− denotes grains without FHB symptoms with F. culmorum (FC) and F. graminearum (FG). Detection limits for DON, NIV and ZEA are >50 μg, >50 μg and >5 μg per kg of DW, respectively.

FIG. 14. Multiple sequence alignment of the H. vulgare nepenthesin-1 protein (HvNEP-1) from Hordeum vulgare and NEP-1 proteins encoded by NEP-1 orthologues from Zea mays, Glycine max and Gossypium hirsutum. The aligned sequences are: HvNEP-1 (UNIPROT: M0W9B2; SEQ ID No.: 2); ZmNEP-1 (protein ID: XP_008668084.1; SEQ ID No.:45); GmNEP-1 (protein ID: XP_003523200.1; SEQ ID No.:47); and GhNEP-1 (protein ID: XP_016704203.1; SEQ ID No.:49). Residues of the catalytic triads (D[A/T][S/G]) and (D[P/S]G) are boxed, the tyrosine flap (Y) is boxed; the position of the NEP-I “insert” sequence, ([V/L] . . . . . . . [A/M/V/I) characterised by 4 cysteine residues in the orthologue-encoded NEP-ls, is indicated by a solid line.

ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS

gi number: (genInfo identifier) is a unique integer which identifies a particular sequence, independent of the database source, which is assigned by NCBI to all sequences processed into Entrez, including nucleotide sequences from DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank, protein sequences from SWISS-PROT, PIR and many others

Amino acid sequence identity: The term “sequence identity” as used herein, indicates a quantitative measure of the degree of homology between two amino acid sequences of substantially equal length. The two sequences to be compared must be aligned to give a best possible fit, by means of the insertion of gaps or alternatively, truncation at the ends of the protein sequences. The sequence identity can be calculated as ((Nref-Ndif)100)/(Nref), wherein Ndif is the total number of non-identical residues in the two sequences when aligned and wherein Nref is the number of residues in one of the sequences. Sequence identity can alternatively be calculated by the BLAST program e.g. the BLASTP program (Pearson W. R and D. J. Lipman (1988)) (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/BLAST). In one embodiment of the invention, alignment is performed with the sequence alignment method ClustalW with default parameters as described by Thompson J., et al 1994, available at http://www2.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/.

Preferably, the numbers of substitutions, insertions, additions or deletions of one or more amino acid residues in the polypeptide as compared to its comparator polypeptide is limited, i.e. no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 substitutions, no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 additions, and no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 deletions. Preferably the substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions: limited to exchanges within members of group 1: Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine; group 2: Serine, Cysteine, Selenocysteine, Threonine, Methionine; group 3: proline; group 4: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan; Group 5: Aspartate, Glutamate, Asparagine, Glutamine.

Cereal plant: is a member of the Family Poaceae; this family encompassing the tribe Triticeae, as well as other members include the genus Oryza (e.g. Oryza sativa), Zea (e.g. Zea mays) and Sorghum (e.g. Sorghum bicolor). The tribe Triticeae encompasses the genus Triticum (e.g. Triticum aestivum) and Hordeum (e.g. Hordeum vulgare).

Heterologous promoter: a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of an operatively-linked gene. A heterologous promoter is a promoter of heterologous origin with respect to the gene to which it is operatively-linked, which is a promoter having a nucleic acid sequence and function that is different (heterologous in origin) from the promoter that is operatively-linked to the respective gene in nature.

A heterologous promoter and the gene to which it is operably-linked may originate from the genome of a common plant of origin. In this case, when an individual member of the plant of origin is transformed with a DNA fragment comprising said heterologous promoter operably-linked to said gene, the resulting transformed plant is defined as an intragenic plant.

Homologous promoter: is a promoter that is homologous in origin to the gene to which it is operatively-linked; such that a contiguous nucleic acid sequence comprising said promoter and its operatively-linked gene is present at a locus within the genome of a plant of origin. When an individual member of the plant of origin is transformed with a DNA fragment comprising said promoter operably-linked to said gene, the resulting transformed plant is defined as a cisgenic plant.

Native gene: is an endogenous gene present in the genome of a plant found in nature.

Recombinant DNA construct: is a non-natural polynucleotide comprising nucleic acid fragments derived from polynucleotides of different origin that are combined by the use of recombinant DNA technology and whose nucleic acid sequence is not present in the genomes of plants found in nature. The recombinant DNA construct is suitable for insertion into the genome of an organism (e.g. cereal plant genome) by means of transformation. Genes that are stably-integrated into the genome of a host plant are inherited in the progeny produced in subsequent plant generations of the transformed plant.

Spike: is the grain-bearing organ of a cereal plant, which develops on one or more shoots (tillers) that grow after the initial parent shoot grows from a germinating cereal seed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Fungal pathogens of the major crop plants, such as cereals, legumes (e.g. soybean) and cotton, require a source of phosphorous. A key source of phosphorous for such pathogens is phosphorous stored as phytate in the grain or seeds of these crop plants. In cereal grains, phosphorous is also found in a bound form, predominantly (˜70%) as phytate stored in the aleurone layer of the grain. In order to access phytate-bound phosphorous in such seeds and cereal grains and successfully establish an infection, a pathogen needs phytase activity. Phytases are often among the palette of secreted enzymes produced by fungal pathogens of the major crop plants, including cereals, legumes and cotton.

Plants have evolved inhibitors of pathogenic microbial enzymes as defence components. The present invention addresses the problem of developing genetically improved crop plants (in particular cereal, legume and cotton plants having enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens, in particular species of Fusarium and Aspergillus, which is the cause of the major fungal diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab in cereals.

I A Genetically Modified Crop Plant of the Invention

The invention provides a genetically modified crop plant, in particular a plant selected from amongst a cereal; a legume (being a member of the family Fabaceae; in particular Glycine spp; such as G. max, also known as soybean); or a plant of the Gossypium (cotton) family (for example the Gossypium spp., G. hirsutum) plant. In one embodiment the genetically modified crop plant is a cereal belonging to the family Poaceae, in particular a member of the tribe Triticeae or the tribe Andropogoneae.

The genome of the crop plant is genetically modified by introduction of a gene encoding a polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity. This polypeptide belongs to a new family of nepenthesin-1-type aspartic endoproteases identified herein that are native to cereal plants (Triticeae and Andropogoneae), as well as legume and cotton plants. Identification is based on structural homology between the polypeptide and the nepenthesin-1 and nepenthesin-2 found in the pitcher fluid of carnivorous plants, in particular the presence of catalytic pocket formed by the catalytic triads (DAS and DPG) and possession of a nepenthesin-specific insert sequence (NAP-I), as detailed in Example 1.3 (FIG. 2, 14). Those members of this new family found in Triticeae share a high degree of structural homology, distinguishing them from other aspartic proteases found in cereals. The polypeptide members of this new family further exhibit some functional properties in common with nepenthesins (EC 3.4.23.12), based on the properties exhibited by one polypeptide member (obtained by recombinant expression in yeast), as detailed in Example 2.3. Accordingly, the catalytic activity of the polypeptide may be classified as belonging to EC 3.4.23.12.

One native member of the nepenthesin-1-type aspartic endoproteases found in the cereal plant, Hordeum vulgare, is HvNEP-1. The native H. vulgare gene encoding HvNEP-1 (having nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID No: 1), encodes a polypeptide having 453 amino acids (SEQ ID No: 2). The primary amino acid sequence encoded by the native HvNEP-1 gene includes a putative N-terminal signal peptide (amino acid residues 1-29) and a predicted prodomain (amino acid residues 30-80) and a mature protein domain. The primary amino acid sequence of additional members of the new family of nepenthesin-1-type aspartic endoprotease that are native to cereal plants (in particular Triticeae), as well as the crop plants Glycine max and Gossypium hirsutum, are aligned with the sequence of HvNEP-1 in FIG. 2B and 14, respectively.

The primary amino acid sequence of a polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic endoprotease activity expressed in a genetically modified cereal plant comprises an N-terminal signal peptide that co-translationally targets the expressed polypeptide for transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. The signal peptide is fused to the transported polypeptide comprising a pro-domain and mature domain. The amino acid sequence of the transported polypeptide, having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity, has at least 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% amino acid sequence identity to amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 2 [HvNEP-1; UNIPROT: M0W9B2] or residues 1-425 of SEQ ID No.: 4. Alternatively, the amino acid sequence of the transported polypeptide, having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity, has at least 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% amino acid sequence identity to: amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 6 [Ae.tNEP-1; NCBI: XP_020183092.1]; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 8 [TaNEP-1; UNIPROT: W5EU17_WHEAT]; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 10 [TaNEP-1; UNIPROT: A0A1D6RYR6_WHEAT); amino acid residues 28-446 of SEQ ID No: 12 [TuNEP-1; UNIPROT: T1NBT2_TRIUA]; and amino acid residues 27-453 of SEQ ID No: 45 [ZmNEP-1; protein ID: XP_008668084.1].

In one embodiment, the N-terminal signal peptide fused to the transported polypeptide is a signal peptide derived from a native cereal grain storage protein. Suitable signal peptides include a D hordein signal peptide having SEQ ID No: 14 (derived from UNIPROT:I6TRS8); C hordein signal peptide having SEQ ID No:16 (derived from UNIPROT: Q41210); a B hordein signal peptide having SEQ ID No:18 (derived from UNIPROT: QOPIV6), a glutenin signal peptide having SEQ ID No: 20 (derived from UNIPROT: P08488), and a gliadin signal peptide having SEQ ID No:22 (derived from UNIPROT: Q41529). Additionally, a suitable signal peptide include the native signal peptide corresponding to the selected NEP-1 polypeptide; for example the HvNEP-1 signal peptide having SEQ ID No:24; amino acid residues 1-29 of SEQ ID No: 6 [Ae.tNEP-1]; amino acid residues 1-29 of SEQ ID No: 8 [TaNEP-1]; amino acid residues 1-29 of SEQ ID No: 10 [TaNEP-1); amino acid residues 1-27 of SEQ ID No: 12 [TuNEP-1]; and amino acid residues 1-26 of SEQ ID No: 45 [ZmNEP-1; protein ID: XP 008668084.1].

In a further embodiment, the primary amino acid sequence of a polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity expressed in a genetically modified cereal plant may include an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retention signal fused to the C-terminal of the encoded and expressed polypeptide. Suitable ER-retention signals maybe selected from among a KDEL, SEKDEL and HDEL tag.

In wild-type cereal plants, nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity was initially detected in the cereal grain (Example 1). Transformation of wild-type cereal plants with a gene encoding a polypeptide of the invention serves to enhance the level of expression of this gene in the plant and correspondingly to enhance the level of nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity. The gene encoding the polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity in a genetically modified cereal plant, may be tissue-specifically expressed in a tissue of the cereal grain during grain development or it may be expressed constitutively in both tissues of the cereal grain and other plant parts. In order to obtain grain-specific gene expression, a cereal grain-specific promoter of heterologous origin is cognately fused to the gene encoding the polypeptide. For example, the heterologous promoter may be used to direct tissue-specific expression of the cognate gene of the invention in either the endosperm storage tissue, lemma or aleurone of the grain. Heterologous promoters suitable for directing endosperm-specific expression during development of a cereal grain include a promoter that in nature directs expression of a D hordein gene having SEQ ID No: 25; a C hordein gene having SEQ ID No: 26, B hordein gene having SEQ ID No: 27; a glutenin gene having SEQ ID No: 28, an α-gliadin gene having SEQ ID No: 29, an α-zein gene having SEQ ID No: 50, and a glutelin GluB-1 gene having SEQ ID No: 51. Heterologous promoters suitable for directing aleurone-specific expression during development of a cereal grain include a promoter that in nature directs expression of a LTP1 gene having SEQ ID No: 41. Constitutive promoters include the CaMV35S and ubiquitin promoters [NCBI accession no.: AR287190]. Alternatively, the homologous promoter of the gene encoding a polypeptide of the invention may be used to drive its expression; for example the promoter that in nature directs expression of the HvNEP1 gene having SEQ ID No.: 40.

The genetically modified cereal plant of the invention belongs to the family Poaceae; and may for example be selected from among the genus of Triticum, Hordeum, Secale, Triticale, Sorghum, Zea and Oryza. In particular cereal plant may be a species selected from among Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Oryza sativa, Zea mays and a Triticale hybrid. More particularly, the genetically modified cereal plant of the invention is a species of Triticum or Hordeum.

In one embodiment, the invention provides an intragenic genetically modified cereal plant comprising a recombinant DNA construct integrated into the genome of the cereal plant, where the construct comprises a heterologous promoter operably-linked to a gene encoding a polypeptide having aspartic endoprotease activity (EC 3.4.23.12), and where the heterologous promoter and its operably-linked gene are both derived from the genome of the parent of the genetically modified cereal plant.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides a cisgenic genetically modified cereal plant comprising a recombinant DNA construct integrated into the genome of the cereal plant, where the construct comprises a homologous promoter operably-linked to a gene encoding a polypeptide having aspartic endoprotease activity (EC 3.4.23.12), where the homologous promoter is the native promoter for its operably-linked gene and both are derived from the genome of the parent of the genetically modified cereal plant.

A preferred embodiment of the invention provides a genetically modified species of Hordeum, comprising a recombinant DNA construct, said construct comprising a gene encoding a signal peptide fused to a HvNEP-1 having SEQ ID No: 4; wherein the gene is operably linked to a heterologous promoter having a sequence selected from among SEQ ID No: 25, 26 or 27. Preferably the signal peptide has an amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID No: 14, 16 and 18.

A preferred embodiment of the invention provides a genetically modified species of Triticum, comprising a recombinant DNA construct, said construct comprising a gene encoding a signal peptide fused to NEP-1 protein having a sequence selected from among the group: amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 6 [Ae.tNEP-1; NCBI: XP_020183092.1]; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 8 [TaNEP-1; UNIPROT: W5EU17_WHEAT]; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 10 [TaNEP-1; UNIPROT: A0A1D6RYR6_WHEAT); amino acid residues 28-446 of SEQ ID No: 12 [TuNEP-1; UNIPROT: T1NBT2_TRIUA]; wherein the gene is operably linked to a heterologous promoter having a sequence of SEQ ID No: 28 or 29. Preferably the signal peptide has an amino acid sequence selected from amino acid residues 1-29 of SEQ ID No: 6 [Ae.tNEP-1]; amino acid residues 1-29 of SEQ ID No: 8 [TaNEP-1]; amino acid residues 1-29 of SEQ ID No: 10 [TaNEP-1); amino acid residues 1-27 of SEQ ID No: 12 [TuNEP-1].

Another preferred embodiment of the invention provides a genetically modified Zea mays, comprising a recombinant DNA construct, said construct comprising a gene encoding a signal peptide fused to a HvNEP-1 having SEQ ID No: 4 or to ZmNEP-1 having amino acid residues 27-453 of SEQ ID No: 45; wherein the gene is operably linked to a heterologous promoter having a sequence selected from among SEQ ID No: 50 or 51. Preferably the signal peptide has an amino acid sequence selected from among SEQ ID No: 14, 16 and 18 or amino acid residues 1-26 of SEQ ID No: 45.

When the genetically modified crop plant is a legume; in particular a spp., of Glycine (such as G. max); the plant is modified to comprise a gene encoding a polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity (EC 3.4.23.12). In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide, having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity, has at least 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% amino acid sequence identity to amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 2 [HvNEP-1; UNIPROT: M0W9B2] fused to the N-terminal D hordein signal peptide (SEQ ID No.:14). Alternatively, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity, has at least 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% amino acid sequence identity to: amino acid residues 1-453 (where the native signal peptide is fused to the mature protein) or 32-453 of SEQ ID No: 47, corresponding to the mature protein [GmNEP-1; protein ID: XP_003523200.1] and fused to a preferred heterologous signal peptide.

When the genetically modified crop plant is a member of the Gossypium family, in particular a spp., of Gossypium (such as G. hirsutum); the plant is modified to comprise a gene encoding a polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity (EC 3.4.23.12). In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide, having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity, has at least 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% amino acid sequence identity to amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 2 [HvNEP-1; UNIPROT: M0W9B2] fused to the N-terminal D hordein signal peptide (SEQ ID No.:14). Alternatively, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity, has at least 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100% amino acid sequence identity to: amino acid residues 1-460 (where the native signal peptide is fused to the mature protein) or 29-460 of SEQ ID No: 49 corresponding to the mature protein [GhNEP-1; protein ID: XP_016704203.1] and fused to a preferred heterologous signal peptide. The gene encoding the polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity in said genetically modified legume or member of the Gossypium family, may be tissue-specifically expressed in seed tissue during development; or it may be expressed constitutively in both seed tissues and other plant parts. In order to obtain seed-specific gene expression, a seed-specific promoter is cognately fused to the gene encoding the polypeptide.

Suitable promoters for directing seed-specific expression in said genetically modified legume include a promoter having SEQ ID No.: 52 that in nature directs expression of a β-conglycinin; or a promoter having SEQ ID No.: 53 that in nature directs expression of a soyAP1 gene.

Suitable promoters for directing seed-specific expression in said genetically modified member of the Gossypium family (in particular G. hirsutum) include a promoter having SEQ ID No.: 54 that in nature directs expression of a G. hirsutum α-globin A gene; or a promoter having SEQ ID No.: 55 that in nature directs expression of a G. hirsutum storage protein (Gh-sp) gene.

II Fungal Resistance of a Genetically Modified Cereal Plant of the Invention

A genetically modified crop plant (in particular a cereal, legume or cotton plant) comprising a gene that directs enhanced expression of a polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity in developing grain or seed of the plant is more resistant to fungal disease than the parent plant from which it was derived by genetic modification.

In particular, the genetically modified crop plant of the invention, exhibits enhanced resistance to infection by Fusarium and preferably both Fusarium and Aspergillus pathogens. Enhanced resistance to pathogen attack by isolates of F. graminearum and F. culmorum is illustrated in respect of genetically modified cereal plants according to the invention in Example 5. In this example, mean percent of infection of developing spikes ranged from 3.41 to 23.08% in genetically modified Hordeum vulgare plants, whereas mean percent infection in spikes of control parent plants ranged from 31.88 to 50% for both F. graminearum and F. culmorum strains. The progression of FHB in the infected spikes over a period of weeks was also reduced in the genetically modified Hordeum vulgare plants as compared to the control plants.

Indications as to the underlying mechanism whereby expression of the nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase in a genetically modified crop plant of the invention enhances fungal resistance are seen from the effect of recombinantly-expressed HvNEP-1 on the growth and toxin production by Fusarium cultivated on controlled growth media. Growth of Fusarium cultures was significantly inhibited when cultured in the presence of HvNEP-1, which mirrors the inhibitory effect on infection by Fusarium and progression of the fungal disease on genetically modified cereal plants expressing HvNEP-1. Importantly, both toxin production and the expression of genes (TRI4, TRI5 and TRI6) required for fungal trichothecene synthesis was inhibited in Fusarium cultures by the presence of HvNEP-1 (as show in Example 3.3). More specifically, the phytase enzymes produced by Fusarium cultures, that play an essential role in releasing phosphate required for Fusarium growth on cereal grains, are strongly inhibited by HvNEP-1 (a shown in Example 3.1). Surprisingly, fungal phytases are more sensitive to inhibition by nepenthesin-1-type aspartic endoprotease of the invention as compared to phytases native to cereal grains (see Example 2). Furthermore, the ability of nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinases of the invention to inhibit fungal phytases is not shared by other known aspartic proteases (pepsin) indicating that the nepenthesin-1-type aspartic endoprotease form a distinct and unique class of enzymes, whose substrate selective properties confer resistance to fungal attack.

III Methods for Producing and Detecting a Genetically Modified Crop Plant of the Invention

A nucleic acid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity, to be expressed in crop plant of the invention (see section I), may be derived by sequence specific amplification of the corresponding sequence of the native NEP-1 gene from genomic DNA extracted from the respective plant. The nucleic acid molecule can also be produced synthetically, to comprise a coding sequence for the respective polypeptide; and whose nucleotide sequence is preferably optimised for expression in the respective plant. Examples of suitable nucleic acid molecules encoding polypeptides having nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase activity for expression in a crop plant according to the invention is provided in the sequence listing. The nucleic acid molecule, encoding a polypeptide for use in the invention, is operably linked (fused) to cis-regulatory regions comprising a promoter nucleic acid molecule of heterologous origin and preferable also a terminator nucleic acid molecule. The promoter may be constitutive; or preferably a tissue-specific promoter that directs tissue-specific expression in developing grain or seed of the crop plant. When the crop plant is a cereal, preferably the promoter is an endosperm-specific promoter, for example a promoter that drives expression of a storage protein gene native to the cereal plant to be genetically modified. The terminator nucleic acid molecule may similarly be derived from a terminator that terminates expression of a storage protein gene native to the crop plant to be genetically modified; or the terminator can be a CaMV 35S terminator (SEQ ID No.: 30) or a terminator derived from the nopaline synthase gene (SEQ ID No.: 31), isolated from Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

A nucleic acid molecule, encoding a polypeptide for use in the invention, operably linked to cis-regulatory regions, is introduced into a nucleic acid construct (pWBVec8 vector; Gynheung et al., 1988) ensure efficient cloning in E. coli and subsequently Agrobacterium strains, and which make it possible to stably transform the crop plants of the invention. Such vectors include various binary and co-integrated vector systems, which are suitable for the T-DNA-mediated transformation. The vector systems are generally characterized by having at least the vir genes, which are required for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and T-DNA border sequences.

Agrobacterium transformation typically involves the transfer of the binary vector carrying the foreign DNA of interest (e.g., pWBVec8 vector) to an appropriate Agrobacterium strain, and may be performed as described by Gynheung et al., (1988). For example, transformation of a parent cereal plant species by recombinant Agrobacterium may be performed by co-cultivation of a suspension of transformed Agrobacterium cells with isolated immature cereal grain embryos on a solid selective growth medium following the procedure described by Bartlett et al., (2008) and Holme, et al. (2012). Transformed tissue is regenerated on selectable medium carrying an antibiotic or herbicide resistance marker present between the T-DNA borders of the binary vector.

Positive transformants can be identified by PCR using a 5′ primer with binding a site located in the promoter region upstream of the NEP-1 coding sequence and a 3′ primer located inside the coding sequence for the nepenthesin-1-type aspartic proteinase; such as to distinguish the inserted gene from a native gene encoding an aspartic proteinase.

Cisgenes in cisgenic plants can be identified using standard southern blot analysis or by means of iPCR (Triglia et al., 1988), where one or more copies of a gene and their respective flanking regions in the genome are amplified, and then compared. In this manner iPCR can be used to distinguish and identify a gene inserted into the genome of a cisgenic genetically modified cereal plant of the invention by transformation and a native copy of the gene in the genome.

III Use of Genetically Modified Crop Plants of the Invention

Genetically modified grain and seeds produced by genetically modified crop plants of the invention have a lower risk of contamination with toxins and mycotoxins due to their enhanced resistance to infection by fungal diseases, in particular Fusarium infections. Infection by these fungal diseases is accompanied by the production of toxins belonging to the trichothecenes (e.g. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their derivatives including 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-ADON and 4-acetylnivalenol) and mycotoxins (e.g. zearalenone, moniliformin, fumonisins and butenolide) Since both toxins and mycotoxins carry a health risk when used as feed for animals or for human consumption, there is an advantage in using grain derived from genetically modified cereal plants of the invention. Accordingly, grain or seeds produced by genetically modified crop plants of the invention can be used in the production of animal fodder; processed for human consumption or used for fibre/thread manufacture.

Traditional processing steps performed when using genetically modified cereal grain of the invention include one or more of the following steps:

i. Cleaning/conditioning cereal grain: First the genetically modified grain is cleaned. For example the grain may be passed through magnets and/or metal detectors to remove any metal contamination. Machines can be used to separate any other seeds, stones or dust that may have got mixed with the wheat.

ii. Gristing grain: The cleaned and conditioned grain is blended with other types of grain in different proportions to make different kinds of flour.

The gristed grain passes through special rollers called break rolls. They break each grain into its three parts: cereal grain germ, bran and endosperm. Sieves sift the three separated parts into different streams.

iii Mixing: The bran, germ and endosperm fractions, having been separated out, can optionally be blended, and can be milled to make different types of milled cereal grain composition, such as Wholemeal flour using all parts of the grain; Brown flour contains about 85% of the original grain, but with some bran and germ removed; and White flour is made from the endosperm only.

iv. Steam pelleting: Milled cereal grain composition may be combined with other fodder ingredients in a steam-pelleting machine, where the components are exposed to steam at a temperature of about 80° C.-90° C. for a period of time sufficient to reduce the microbial population to levels safe for animal consumption, and the product is converted to dried pellets.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Detection, Isolation and Identification of a Fungal Phytase Inhibitor from Hordeum Vulgare

Crude protein extract (CPE) was extracted from the grains of barley cv. Invictus, fractionated and analyzed for the ability to inhibit A. ficuum phytase, as follows:

1.1 Phytase extraction: The grains (5 g) were ground to a fine powder using a rotary mill (IKA Tube mill control), and grain proteins were extracted in 1:10 (w/v) 25 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) containing 0.1 mM CaCl₂, by constant shaking (300 rpm) at 25° C. for 1 h. The extract supernatant was collected by centrifugation (3392×g, for 30 minutes at 4° C.), to which ammonium sulfate was added to 60% saturation, and the precipitated proteins were collected by centrifugation (7000×g, 15 min, 259 4° C.). The protein pellet was re-suspended in 50 ml of 25 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) overnight. The supernatant was collected by centrifugation (7000×g, 30 min, 4° C.), and concentrated (Vivaspin Turbo 30 kDa cut off). Proteins (>30 kDa) were loaded onto an AKTA Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) device equipped with a Superdex G200 column, and the collected FPLC fractions were assessed for Aspergillus ficuum phytase inhibition employing the phytase assay described below. Fractions having phytase inhibitory activity were analyzed by Mass Spectrometry (MS) according to Dionisio, G. et al. (2011), to identify the phytase inhibitor amongst the detected proteins.

1.2 Phytase assay: Phytase activity and its inhibition was measured according to an ammonium-molybdate method (Engelen AJ, et al., 1994). In brief, 100 μl of FPLC fraction (0±1 mg ml⁻¹) was incubated with 10 μl (2.5 U ml⁻¹) of A. ficuum phytase, 1 mM sodium phytate and 400 μl of 25 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) containing 0.1 mM CaCl₂, at 37° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was terminated by adding 800 μl of stop solution (20 mM ammonium heptamolybdate, 5 mM ammonium vanadate and 6% nitric acid to the final concentration) to the reaction mixture. After centrifugation (4226×g, 5 min), the absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 415 nm using 96 well plate reader (Epoch, Bio-Tek, USA). The residual phytase activity was determined relative to a blank sample.

1.3 Identity of the candidate phytase inhibitor: MS analysis of the most inhibitory fraction identified peptides from 30 different proteins; of which 4 peptides corresponded to an uncharacterized protein annotated to have aspartyl protease activity (Uniprot: M0W9B2). This candidate inhibitor was estimated by MS to have a molecular weight 48.915 kDa.

A candidate barley gene was predicted from the identified Uniprot accession number (M0W9B2) and tblastN against the barley genomic sequence in the NCBI database and the IPK Barley BLAST server. The candidate gene had an open reading frame (ORF) of 1362 bp encoding a protein of 453 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 48.9 kDa. The deduced protein encoded a preproenzyme with a putative signal peptide, a prodomain and a long polypeptide interrupted by the nepenthesin-specific insert sequence (NAP-I) (FIG. 1a ). The NAP-I sequence is predicted based on NAP-I sequences described for nepenthesins and homologues (Athauda et al., 2004). Based on the characteristic Nepenthesin aspartic endoprotease (NPAP)-type primary structure organization of the deduced protein it was identified as an HvNEP-1 (i.e. a barley nepenthesin-1-type aspartic endoprotease). The predicted 3D structure of the mature protein displays a catalytic pocket formed by the two catalytic triads (DAS and DPG) supported by Tyr residue (Y186) as a flap (FIG. 1b ). Multiple sequence alignment of HvNEP-1 and related aspartic proteases revealed that catalytic Asp residues are conserved but not the flap Tyr. Residues forming the catalytic triads with Asp differ from the characteristic aspartic proteases (DTG/DSG and DTG). Besides, the NAP-I sequence contains two Cys residues rather than four described for most of NPAPs proteins (FIG. 2). The protein showed <20% homology to the nepenthesins from Nepenthes species.

Example 2 Cloning, Expression and Properties of the HvNEP-1

2.1 Cloning HvNEP-1 gene: A candidate gene was predicted from the sequence of Uniprot: M0W9B2, and tblastN against the barley genomic sequence in the NCBI database and the IPK Barley BLAST server. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from the leaves of 6-day old barley cv. Invictus seedlings as described by Doyle et al., 1991. The HvNEP-1 coding sequence, corresponding to encoded amino acid residues 30-453 (minus signal peptide coding sequence; ΔHvNEP-1) was PCR amplified using gDNA as template and gene-specific primers, and Herculase II DNA polymerase, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). The amplified 1.5 kbp DNA fragment was gel purified and cloned into pCRII-TOPO Blunt vector according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). Selected clones were evaluated for the insert by restriction digestion, and sequencing (Eurofins Genomics).

2.2 HvNEP-1 gene expression: The ΔHvNEP-1 sequence, further comprising 3′ sequence encoding a C-terminal His6 tag, was cloned into the pGAPZaA vector downstream of an alpha mating factor secretion signal coding sequence, using In-fusion (Zhu et al., 2007), under control of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter (FIG. 3); and transformed into Pichia pastoris strain KM71H. HvNEP-1 protein expression in Pichia was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS), SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The levels of HvNEP-1 in the growth media was 1.2 mg/ml. Western blot analysis, using anti His6 mouse monoclonal antibodies (Roche) and and goat anti-mouse IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.), identified a protein with an approximate size of 92 kDa. The predicted theoretical mass of the truncated HvNEP-1 is 47 kDa, indicating that Pichia expressed HvNEP-1 forms a homodimer.

2.3 Properties of HvNEP-1: The enzymatic activity of HvNEP-1 (expressed in Pichia), was measured indirectly, by incubating the enzyme in the presence of Aspergillus ficuum phytase, as substrate, and then detecting percent inhibition of the phytase activity measured according to Engelen (1994). HvNEP-1 exhibited peak activity for inhibiting A. ficuum phytase at pH 5.0 and at temperature 40° C. (FIG. 3). The sensitivity of HvNEP-1 to protease inhibitors was characteristic of a nepenthesin-1 type aspartic endoprotease. HvNEP-1 was strongly inhibited the protease inhibitor, Pepstatin A (98.2% loss of activity), while PMSF, E-64, EDTA and DMSO inhibited the enzyme activity by 13.5%, 6.4%, 9.7% and 2.7% respectively (FIG. 4).

The substrate selectivity of HvNEP-1 was compared with pepsin (aspartic acid protease on the activity of A. ficuum (EC 3.1.3.8) and wheat TaPAPhy phytase (EC 3.1.3.26). Although both fungal and wheat phytases were highly sensitive to HvNEP-1 inhibition (FIG. 5); the sensitivity of fungal phytase was clearly stronger, since residual phytase activity of A. ficuum was reduced at phytase: protease ratios of 1:500 (FIG. 5i ), while residual TaPAPhy phytase activity was first reduced at phytase: protease ratios of 1:100 (FIG. 5 ii). In contrast, both phytases were resistant to pepsin, as phytase activity was unaffected after exposure to pepsin even at phytase: protease ratio of 1:20.

Example 3 HvNEP-1 is an Inhibitor of Fusarium Phytases and the Growth and Toxin Production of Fusarium Species.

3.1 HvNEP-1 inhibits Fusarium phytase: HvNEP-1 strongly inhibited phytases in crude extracts derived from F. graminearum 7775 and F. culmorum 8984. Incubation with HvNEP-1 in a ratio of only 1: 500 phytase: HvNEP-1 protease (w/w), at room temperature for 1 h was sufficient to cause inhibition (FIG. 6).

3.3 HvNEP-1 inhibits Fusarium growth and toxins production: Antifungal activity of recombinantly-expressed HvNEP-1 against Fusarium was analyzed using fungal cultures prepared according to Etzerodt, T. et al. (2015). A composition comprising either HvNEP-1 (3.47 mg) or Ronozyme ProAct serine protease (L) EC 3.4.21.-(supplied by Novozymes) as a control, in 100 μl of 100 mM acetate buffer pH 5.5 were added to lml fungal culture (10⁷spores/m1) on day 1 and again on 2 day of incubation with shaking (22° C., 130 rpm) for 2, 3, 6 and 8 days. On the respective days, mycelial mass was collected by centrifugation (max speed for 20 min), freeze dried and weighed. Toxin profiles were analyzed according to Etzerodt, T. et al. (2015). Expression of genes involved in fungal trichothecene synthesis were analysed by extracting total RNA from mycelial mass, harvested after 10 days culture (Chomczynski et al. 2006). RNA samples were treated with DNase (Roche) and reverse transcribed using Superscript III-RT (Invitrogen) and oligo (dT) 21T-anchor containing primer. Reverse transcripts of the coding sequences TRI4 [XM_011323872.1; SEQ ID No.:32], TRIS [XM_011323870.1; SEQ ID No.: 33], TRI6 [encoding GenBank: CEF78358.1] and TRI12 [encoding GenBank: AN039668.1] were quantified by qPCR (6 μl Power SYBR Green master mix (Applied Biosystems), 1 μl diluted cDNA, 2.4 μl of μM primer mix and 2.6 μl sterile Milli Q water), in a final volume of 12 ∥L; and products detected in an AB7900HT sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems).

HvNEP-1 strongly inhibited both growth and toxin production, as seen by the reduction in biomass accumulation in the fungal cultures over a period of 8 days incubation (FIGS. 7 and 8). The expression of TRI4, TRI5 and TRI6 genes were suppressed by HvNEP-1, (FIG. 9), in particular TRI6, whose suppression was highly significant.

Example 4 HvNEP-1 Overexpressing Hordeum Vulgare Lines

Transgenic Hordeum vulgare lines expressing an HvNEP-1 gene were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, as follows:

4.1 HvNEP-1 gene transformation vector construction: The HvNEP-1 coding sequence [SEQ ID No.:3] encoding ΔHvNEP-1 (lacking the native HvNEP-1 signal peptide) was PCR amplified from Hordeum vulgare gDNA. PCR amplification was used engineer a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising an N-terminal HordD signal peptide [SEQ ID No.: 14] and a C-terminal SEKDEL [SEQ ID No.: 39] serving as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sorting sequence. The nucleic acid sequence encoding this HvNEP-1 fusion protein was fused downstream of a HordD promoter [SEQ ID No.:25] and inserted upstream of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-derived NOS terminator [SEQ ID No.: 31] in the transformation vector pWBVec8 (Gynheung et al., 1988).

4.2 Generation of HvNEP-1 transgenic Hordeum vulgare lines: The HvNEP-1 transformation vector construct was introduced into competent Agrobacterium strain AGL0, as described Gynheung et al., (1988). Transformants were selected by growth on LB plates containing 100 μg/ml spectinomycin and 25 pg /ml Rifampicin for 72 h at 28° C.; and positive colonies were identified by PCR. Positive clones were cultured in MG/L medium ((5 g/l Mannitol, 1 g/l L-glutamic acid, 0.25 g/l KH₂PO₄, 0.1 g/l NaCl, 0.1 g/l MgSO₄*7H₂O, 1 ng/l Biotin, 5 g/l Tryptone, 2.5 g/l Yeast extract) containing 100 μg/ml spectinomycin and 25 μg/ml Rifampicin and then used for immature barley embryo transformation following the procedure described by Bartlett et al., (2008) and Holme, et al. (2012).

Following transformation, selection and regeneration of T0 plants, gDNA was isolated from young leaves (according to Doyle et al., 1991); and selection of positive transformants was confirmed by PCR using forward and reverse primers [SEQ ID No.: 34 and 35] with binding sites inside the HordD promoter and the HvNEP-1 gene yielding a PCR fragment of 759 bp.

Twenty HvNEP-1 transgenic lines (T0 generation) showed detectable HvNEP-1 expression, the highest expression was seen in line NEP20 (0.4166), the lowest in line NEP20-02(0.0114) (FIG. 10) relative to un-transformed lines (GP).

Example 5 Transgenic HvNEP-1 Hordeum vulgare Lines Exhibit Fusarium Resistance

Fusarium-infected HvNEP-1 transgenic lines were assessed for Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) resistance and mycotoxin accumulation at the 85-87 growth stage (according to Zadoks scale (Zadoks, et al., 1974)).

5.1 Fusarium infection: Spore suspensions of F. graminearum 7775 and F. culmorum 8984 isolates, having a DON chemotype, were prepared according to Etzerodt, T. et al. (2015). Each spore suspension (1×10⁵ spores per ml in water, containing 0.04% tween 20) was used to spray-inoculate spikes of TO HvNEP-1 transgenic lines 8 weeks of germination (Zadoks stages 60). Control spikes were sprayed with MQ water. Untransformed golden promise (GP) plants at the same stage of development were treated similarly with the Fusarium spore suspensions and MQ water. The inoculated and mock-inoculated plants were covered with plastic bags and cultivated in a controlled environment (18-21° C. and relative humidity 70-75%). FHB disease severity of 10 T0 transgenic lines was compared to untransformed Hordeum vulgure cv Golden Promise (GP) plants, and scored as percentage of infected seeds in the first 3 matured spikes in each plant at 1, 2 and 3 weeks after inoculation.

5.2 Disease severity: Disease scoring showed a substantial reduction in FHB severity in HvNEP-1 transgenic lines (FIG. 11) whose mean percent of infection ranged from 3.41 to 23.08%, whereas mean percent infection in the control GP plants were ranging from 31.88 to 50% for both F. graminearum and F. culmorum strains. The progression of FHB in the spikes of transgenic lines and control GP plants was assessed for the first three weeks after inoculation, and AUDPC (area under disease progress curve) calculated (FIG. 12). The mean AUDPC of FHB progress was higher in the control GP barley plants than in the HvNEP-1 transgenic lines.

5.3 Mycotoxin production: Mycotoxin levels detected following inoculation with spores of F. graminearum or F. culmorum strains showed a general reduction in mycotoxin production in HvNEP-1 transgenic lines as compared to control GP barley plants (FIG. 13).

Example 6 Cloning and transgenic expression of HvNEP-1 and its orthologue genes in maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

2.1 Cloning Zea mays, ZmNEP-1 cDNA: mRNA is extracted from leaves of Zea mays seedlings and used to generate cDNA as described by Yockteng et al (2013). The ZmNEP-1 cDNA has NCBI Ref sequence number: XM_008669862.2, and comprises a coding sequence for the ZmNEP-1 protein having protein ID: XP_008668084.1. A DNA sequence comprising the coding sequence for ZmNEP-1 having amino acid residues 1-453 [SEQ ID No.: 45]; and the mature protein having amino residues 27-453 [SEQ ID No.:45], are PCR amplified using cDNA as template and gene-specific primers, and Herculase II DNA polymerase, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). The amplified DNA fragment is gel purified and cloned into pCRII-TOPO Blunt vector according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). Selected clones are evaluated for the insert by restriction digestion, and sequencing (Eurofins Genomics).

2.2 Cloning Glycine Max GmNEP-1 Gene

Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from the leaves of G. max seedlings as described by Doyle et al., 1991. The GmNEP-1 gene has Gene ID: 100811294 in NCBI Ref sequence number: NC_016091.3, and comprises a coding sequence for the GmNEP-1 protein having NCBI Reference Sequence: XP_003523200.1. A DNA sequence comprising the coding sequence for GmNEP-1 having amino acid residues 1-453 [SEQ ID No.: 47]; and the mature protein having amino residues 32-453 [SEQ ID No.:47], are PCR amplified using gDNA as template and gene-specific primers, and Herculase II DNA polymerase, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). The amplified DNA fragments are gel purified and cloned into pCRII-TOPO Blunt vector according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). Selected clones are evaluated for the insert by restriction digestion, and sequencing (Eurofins Genomics).

2.3 Cloning Gossypium Hirsutum GhNEP-1

Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from the leaves of G. hirsutum seedlings as described by Doyle et al., 1991. The GhNEP-1 gene has Gene ID: 107919204 in NCBI Ref sequence number: NC_030097.1, and comprises a coding sequence for the GhNEP-1 protein having NCBI Reference Sequence: XP_016704203.1. A DNA sequence comprising the coding sequence for GhNEP-1 having amino acid residues 1-460 [SEQ ID No.:49]; and the mature protein having amino residues 29-460 [SEQ ID No.:49], are PCR amplified using gDNA as template and gene-specific primers, and Herculase II DNA polymerase, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). The amplified DNA fragments are gel purified and cloned into pCRII-TOPO Blunt vector according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). Selected clones are evaluated for the insert by restriction digestion, and sequencing (Eurofins Genomics).

2.4 Transgenic Constructs and Their Transformation and Expression in Zea Mays, Glycine Max and Gossypium Hirsutum

The nucleic acid sequences encoding each of the proteins: ZmNEP-1, GmNEP-1 and GhNEP-1 are each fused downstream of a seed-specific promoter and inserted upstream of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-derived NOS terminator [SEQ ID No.: 31] in the transformation vector pWBVec8 (Gynheung et al., 1988). The seed-specific promoters used are as follows:

α-zein gene promoter [SEQ ID No.:50] for expression in Z. mays;

β-conglycinin gene promoter [SEQ ID No.:52] for expression in G. max;

α-globin A gene promoter [SEQ ID No.:54] for expression in G. hirsutum.

For Z. mays transformation, the vector, comprising the respective ZmNEP-1 expression construct, is transformed into competent Agrobacterium strain AH101, which is introduced into Z. mays embryos as described Ishida Y et al., (2007).

For G. max transformation, the vector, comprising the respective GmNEP-1 expression construct, is transformed into competent Agrobacterium strain AH101, which is introduced into G. max embryos as described Li et al., (2007).

For G. hirsutum transformation, the vector, comprising the respective GhNEP-1 expression construct, is transformed into competent Agrobacterium strain LBA4404, which is introduced into G. hirsutum hypocotyl segments as described Firoozabady E et al., (1987).

Positive transformants are detected by PCR using gene specific primers; and selected transformants are cultured to regenerate plants.

2.5 Screening Transformants for Fungal Disease Resistance

For Z. mays, ears are selected and inoculated at early silking stage with an inoculum of Fusarium graminearum and Aspergillus niger spores (5×10⁵ spores/ml), and disease severity is evaluated after 3-4 weeks of humid growth conditions using a 7-class rating scale as described by Reid L M et al., (2002).

For G. max, seeds from positive T₀ transformants are inoculated with spores of F. graminearum and assessed for disease severity as described in Ellis M L, et al., (2011). In addition transgenic seeds are examined for the seed-borne pathogens, among Aspergillus species, as described in Boue et al. (2005). For G. hirsutum,transgenic plants are inoculated with spores from Aspergillus and Fusarium species and then assessed for resistance according to Doan H K et al (2015).

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1. A genetically modified crop plant having a recombinant DNA construct integrated into the genome of the crop plant; said construct comprising a gene operably linked to a heterologous promoter, wherein: i. said heterologous promoter directs seed-specific or grain-specific expression of said operably linked gene, and ii. said gene comprises a coding sequence encoding a signal peptide N-terminally fused to a polypeptide having aspartic endoprotease activity (EC 3.4.23.12), and wherein the amino acid sequence of said polypeptide has at least 88% sequence identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID No.: 4; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 6; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 8; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 10; and amino acid residues 28-446 of SEQ ID No: 12; amino acid residues 27-453 of SEQ ID No.:45 ; amino acid residues 32-453 of SEQ ID No.:47 and amino acid residues 29-460 of SEQ ID No.: 49, wherein said crop plant is selected from the group consisting of a cereal, soybean and cotton plant, and wherein expression of said gene confers enhanced resistance to a fungal disease caused by a species of Fusarium and/or Aspergillus as compared to a parent plant from which said genetically modified crop plant was derived.
 2. The genetically modified crop plant of claim 1, wherein the plant is a cereal; and wherein the nucleotide sequence of said heterologous promoter is selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID No: 25; SEQ ID No: 26; SEQ ID No: 27; SEQ ID No: 28, SEQ ID No: 29, and SEQ ID No: 50 and SEQ ID No: 51; and wherein the amino acid sequence of said polypeptide having aspartic endoprotease activity (EC 3.4.23.12) has at least 88% sequence identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID No.: 4; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 6; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 8; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 10; and amino acid residues 28-446 of SEQ ID No: 12; amino acid residues 27-453 of SEQ ID No.: 45], and wherein said promoter directs endosperm-specific expression of said gene.
 3. The genetically modified crop plant of claim 1, wherein the plant is a soybean plant; and wherein the nucleotide sequence of said heterologous promoter is SEQ ID No: 52 or SEQ ID No: 53; and wherein the amino acid sequence of said polypeptide having aspartic endoprotease activity (EC 3.4.23.12) has at least 88% sequence identity to SEQ ID No.: 4; or amino acid residues 32-453 of SEQ ID No.:
 47. 4. The genetically modified crop plant of claim 1, wherein the plant is a cotton plant, and wherein the nucleotide sequence of said heterologous promoter is SEQ ID No: 54 or SEQ ID No: 55; and wherein the amino acid sequence of said polypeptide having aspartic endoprotease activity (EC 3.4.23.12) has at least 88% sequence identity to SEQ ID No.: 4; or amino acid residues 29-460 of SEQ ID No.:49.
 5. The genetically modified crop plant of claim 1, where the amino acid sequence of said signal peptide is selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID No: 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and amino acid residues 1-26 of SEQ ID No.:
 45. 6. The genetically modified crop plant of claim 3, wherein the amino acid sequence of said signal peptide is amino acid residues 1-31 of SEQ ID No.:47.
 7. The genetically modified crop plant of claim 4, wherein the amino acid sequence of said signal peptide is amino acid residues 1-28 of SEQ ID No.:
 49. 8. The genetically modified crop plant of claim 1, wherein said crop plant is a species of Triticum or Hordeum or Zea.
 9. Genetically modified grain or seed produced by a genetically modified crop plant of claim
 1. 10. A method for producing a genetically modified crop plant of claim 1 comprising: a. transforming one or more cells of a parent crop plant selected from the group consisting of a cereal, soybean and cotton plant with a recombinant DNA construct comprising a gene operably linked to a heterologous promoter, wherein i. said promoter directs grain-specific expression of said operably linked gene, and ii. said gene comprises a coding sequence encoding a signal peptide N-terminally fused to a polypeptide having aspartate endoprotease activity (EC 3.4.23.12), and wherein the amino acid sequence of said polypeptide has at least 88% identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID No.: 4; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 6; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 8; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 10; amino acid residues 28-446 of SEQ ID No: 12, amino acid residues 27-453 of SEQ ID No.:45; amino acid residues 32-453 of SEQ ID No.:47 and amino acid residues 29-460 of GhNEP-1 SEQ ID No.:49, and b. selecting transformed cells of said plant, wherein the genome of said cells comprises a copy of said recombinant DNA construct; and c. regenerating a genetically modified crop plant from cells obtained in step (b).
 11. A method for manufacturing genetically modified grain or seed according to claim 9 for production of a crop of genetically modified crop plants which exhibit increased resistance to a fungal disease caused by a species of Fusarium and/or Aspergillus, said method comprising: a. screening a population of plants for said recombinant DNA construct, b. selecting plants identified in step (a) as comprising said recombinant DNA construct and c. growing and collecting grain or seed from plants selected in step (b).
 12. A method for producing a crop plant exhibiting increased resistance to a fungal disease caused by a species of Fusarium and/or Aspergillus, said method comprising: a. obtaining a sample of genomic DNA from a crop plant according to claim 1 or portion thereof; b. detecting in said sample the presence of said recombinant DNA construct; c. breeding a crop plant comprising said recombinant DNA construct with a second cereal plant of the same genus to obtain grains or seeds; and d. growing at least one crop plant from said grains or seeds, wherein said crop plant grown from said grains or seeds comprises said recombinant DNA construct; and wherein said recombinant DNA construct comprises a gene operably linked to a heterologous promoter, wherein i. said promoter directs grain-specific expression of said operably linked gene, and ii. said gene comprises a coding sequence encoding a signal peptide N-terminally fused to a polypeptide having aspartyl protease activity (EC 3.4.23.12), and wherein the amino acid sequence of said polypeptide has at least 88% identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID No.: 4; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 6; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 8; amino acid residues 30-451 of SEQ ID No: 10; amino acid residues 28-446 of SEQ ID No: 12; amino acid residues 27-453 of SEQ ID No.:45; amino acid residues 32-453 of SEQ ID No.: 47 and amino acid residues 29-460 of SEQ ID No.:
 49. 13. The method of claim 12, where said recombinant DNA construct is detected by amplification of a region of the nucleic acid sequence of said construct, wherein said region has a 5′ end within the promoter and a 3′ end within the gene.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein said crop plant is a species of Triticum or Hordeum or Zea.
 15. (canceled)
 16. Use of a genetically modified crop plant of claim 1 for the manufacture of cotton.
 17. A composition comprising the genetically modified grain or seed of claim 9, wherein the composition is any one of: a. a milled grain or seed composition, b. animal fodder, and c. steam-pelleted animal fodder. 